Intrinsic fluorescence can be measured on the J-1500 or J-1700 CD spectrophotometers using the scanning emission monochromator (FMO-522) and emission detector (FDT-538) to acquire fluorescence emission spectra. Alternatively, high-pass filters can be used to select specific excitation and emission wavelengths. This low-cost total fluorescence (TFA-555) approach allows for the detection of fluorescence changes during titration or thermal ramp experiments. However, removing the filter set also allows the user to measure the sample’s 90° light scattering, simultaneously with CD and absorbance data collection.
Fluorescence-detected circular dichroism (FDCD) is used to measure the difference in fluorescence intensities when an optically active sample has been excited with circularly polarized light. This method takes advantage of the chiral specificities and the structural sensitivities of CD and fluorescence and is more specific than standard CD measurements.
Since FDCD selectivity measures the circular dichroism of a specific fluorescent chromophore in a group of non-fluorescent, chiral molecules, it is particularly useful for the study of proteins, which have multiple chromophores. FDCD can be measured with the standard CD detector when paired with the PTC-510, PTC-517 or MPTC-513 cell holder. When samples have no fluorescence anisotropy, this method is effective because the photoselection artifacts are small. However, when the sample has a larger fluorescence anisotropy, the photoselection artifact will distort the FDCD spectrum. The FDCD-551 attachment is specifically designed to reduce or eliminate these artifacts while greatly enhancing sensitivity due to much more efficient light collection.
Fluorescence anisotropy occurs when polarized light interacts with a fluorescent molecule and the resulting fluorescence emission has different intensities along different polarization axes. The J-1500 and J-1700 CD instruments use circularly polarized light that is generated by phase modulation. By controlling the amplitude of the phase modulation, it is also possible to measure linear dichroism (LD), which is the differential absorption of light polarized parallel and perpendicular to an orientation direction. Using this same principle, fluorescence anisotropy can be measured. Adding the FPA-580 polarizer to the emission optics and utilizing the alternating horizontal and vertical polarization allows for the measurement of fluorescence polarization anisotropy.
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